Abstract Chemosensory communication of affect and motivation is ubiquitous among animals. In humans, emotional expressions are naturally associated with faces and voices. Whether chemical signals play a role as well has hardly been addressed. Here, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that the right orbitofrontal cortex, right fusiform cortex, and right hypothalamus respond …
AbstractPheromones are substances produced by an individual that induce changes in the physiology and/or behavior of another individual. Beyond copulins, this seems to be true for 16-androstanes among humans. 16-androstanes are metabolites of steroid androgens and are produced by the axillary glands. Odorless precursors are converted to odorous forms by coryneform bacteria. The most significant …
Abstract The significance of odours for human reproduction is partially neglected by medical sciences. Nevertheless, it can be shown that male pheromones (androstenol/androstenone) from male sweat have a direct impact on female menstrual cycles and ovulation. Furthermore, female pheromones (copulins), which are present in vaginal secretions, influence male perception of females and may induce hormonal …
Continue reading “[Battle of odors: significance of pheromones for human reproduction]”
Abstract The effect of sensory input on hormones is essential to any explanation of mammalian behavior, including aspects of physical attraction. The chemical signals we send have direct and developmental effects on hormone levels in other people. Since we don t know either if, or how, visual cues might have direct and developmental effects on …
Continue reading “Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology”
Introduction Menstrual synchrony, the convergence of the onset date of the menstrual flow, is observed in women living together (Weller and Weller, 1993). Menstrual synchrony has been shown to be mediated by axillary odour (Stern and McClintock, 1998). Axillary odours from women in the follicular phase (FP) of the ovulatory cycle shorten both the time …
Abstract We examined the effect of axillary compounds on pulsatile secretion of serum luteinizing hormone (LH). Axillary compounds were collected from donor women in the follicular phase (FP) and the ovulatory phase (OP) and were treated with isopropyl alcohol (IPA). The recipient was not exposed to either axillary compounds or IPA for the first 4 …
Continue reading “Axillary pheromones modulate pulsatile LH secretion in humans”
Abstract Human underarm secretions, when applied to women recipients, alter the length and timing of the menstrual cycle. These effects are thought to arise from exposure to primer pheromones that are produced in the underarm. Pheromones can affect endocrine (primer) or behavioral (releaser) responses, provide information (signaler), or perhaps even modify emotion or mood (modulator). …
Abstract The human chemosignal, Δ4,16-androstadien-3-one modulates psychological state without being consciously discernible as an odor. This study demonstrates that Δ4,16-androstadien-3-one (androstadienone) alters cerebral glucose utilization both in subcortical regions and in areas of the neocortex not exclusively associated with olfaction. These widely distributed changes are consistent with modulation of an integrated neural network for regulation …
Continue reading “Sustained human chemosignal unconsciously alters brain function”
Abstract The anatomical pathways for processing of odorous stimuli include the olfactory nerve projection to the olfactory bulb, the trigeminal nerve projection to somatosensory and insular cortex, and the projection from the accessory olfactory bulb to the hypothalamus. In the majority of tetrapods, the sex-specific effects of pheromones on reproductive behavior is mediated via the …
Abstract Rodents use chemosignals to alter endocrine balance in conspecifics. Although responses to human sweat suggest a similar mechanism in humans, no particular component of human sweat capable of altering endocrine balance in conspecifics has yet been isolated and identified. Here, we measured salivary levels of the hormone cortisol in women after smelling pure androstadienone …
Continue reading “Smelling a single component of male sweat alters levels of cortisol in women”
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